tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44081137563782817572024-03-13T09:30:25.085+01:00HighTechnologyZoneVladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-27006431919705996762010-09-01T02:58:00.000+02:002010-09-01T03:00:36.185+02:00Future computers – mind reading instead of touchscreens<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8JIyRjl1n1D6sAKFZx3VOW4hpFK4bOCbJLo7kV7RnW_UPuScAMuyrnyQLV-B7BETGrAFOsBPGtrmXOlRQsy5qsCCr_xffJujwzjjspmL8pXb-EHxrph-dJuybGMFLFMoDXj0BBVqYM0/s1600/Honda+Brain+Tech_doomsday_604x341.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8JIyRjl1n1D6sAKFZx3VOW4hpFK4bOCbJLo7kV7RnW_UPuScAMuyrnyQLV-B7BETGrAFOsBPGtrmXOlRQsy5qsCCr_xffJujwzjjspmL8pXb-EHxrph-dJuybGMFLFMoDXj0BBVqYM0/s400/Honda+Brain+Tech_doomsday_604x341.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">While Intel is still concentrating on making chips that'll continue to push the performance limits of our desktops and laptops, there are researchers at the chip company looking at the next step ahead – reading our minds. <i><b>New technology could allow people to dictate letters and search the internet simply by thinking</b></i>, according to researchers at Intel who are behind the project. Technology for toughts “identification” currently exists as <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jc8URRxPIg&feature=related%20">Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)[youtube]</a>, <u><i>but Intel wants to make this ability more sophisticated and also practical for personal use by developing the portable mind-reading gadgets.</i></u><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz6h7MZkl26ySw3UxtaH-biNZfYEc-yzbNmXXEkylpRsYE5cKlcgcOOmmWtI0BFozdsJUh_dMCpfYvYJPEqyGtdcGAjwBZMETeJhK9LwNURaIkaGRXkDybQBDUUBfe_CdiF_QVn6RhKn4/s1600/5-31-08-mind-reading-cpu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz6h7MZkl26ySw3UxtaH-biNZfYEc-yzbNmXXEkylpRsYE5cKlcgcOOmmWtI0BFozdsJUh_dMCpfYvYJPEqyGtdcGAjwBZMETeJhK9LwNURaIkaGRXkDybQBDUUBfe_CdiF_QVn6RhKn4/s320/5-31-08-mind-reading-cpu.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGeUwR2dywpr70fPAEqOifd7aD36DAgN-bdAyIcp80-7dmAh-45qipDeWFdrdVMTTQgY4Dmsqk-DkPi6MMS0TN0CWOfsfnmjsP2Ht3AF6E3AF_f_YAMdmAPkJnw056U1iMccK7YrY9Jk/s1600/4119507213_f28c442579_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGeUwR2dywpr70fPAEqOifd7aD36DAgN-bdAyIcp80-7dmAh-45qipDeWFdrdVMTTQgY4Dmsqk-DkPi6MMS0TN0CWOfsfnmjsP2Ht3AF6E3AF_f_YAMdmAPkJnw056U1iMccK7YrY9Jk/s320/4119507213_f28c442579_o.jpg" /></a>Thought controlled devices are pretty primitive at this point. <b><i>The idea here is that the activity generated in the average person by individual words can be mapped and stored in a database which later would be used in the thought controlled interface.</i></b> So far, results have been promising - <u><b>an early prototype</b></u> can differentiate between words like screwdriver, house, and barn, by using a <b>magnetic resonance scanner that measures approximately 20,000 points in the brain.</b> <i>“In tests, it guessed with 90 percent accuracy which of two words a person was thinking about”</i>, said Intel Labs researcher Dean Pomerleau. It seems that anything more effective than this, such as dictating letters or searching Google with our minds alone, has to wait for years in the future.<br />
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Dean Pomerleau, a senior researcher at Intel Laboratories, is part of a team developing a computer that's able to 'read' the human brain of what word it is thinking about.<br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>"The computer uses a form of 20 questions to narrow down what the word is"</i>, Pomerleau explained to the <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/7957664/Computers-that-read-minds-are-being-developed-by-Intel.html%20">Telegraph</a>. <i>"So a noun with a physical property such as spade, which you dig with, produces activity in the motor cortex of the brain, as this is the area that controls physical movements. A food related word like apple, however, produces activity in those parts of the brain related to hunger. So the computer can infer attributes to each word being thought about and this lets the computer zero down on what the word is pretty quickly."</i><br />
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While we're still lusting after the best laser mice and mechanical keyboards, Intel's CTO Justin Ratner said, <i>"Mind reading is the ultimate user interface. There will be concerns about privacy with this sort of thing and we will have to overcome them. What is clear though is that humans are not restricted any more to just using keyboards and mice."</i><br />
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Pomerleau says the aim of the research - a joint project for Intel, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University - is to develop a portable mind-reading gadget. <i>"Imagine if you could think of a query, look it up on Google and have the answer without going to a computer,"</i> he says.<br />
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</div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-727766268797697632010-08-31T16:05:00.000+02:002010-08-31T16:06:01.234+02:00Sequoia – the 20 petaflop supercomputer<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwDga56d8XtU3eBUqwbmIf80Wh7Dfi68Z7apBT7rsmWzsXyenscyqkrb69N5fhyGUX7pTihXOchgpQ960zfHkW8N_HrxOpZ91uFnGuBkolyAOV4LA1PYSPjRqZugWPgvA2-3pE9vK5ahc/s1600/blue-gene-sequoia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwDga56d8XtU3eBUqwbmIf80Wh7Dfi68Z7apBT7rsmWzsXyenscyqkrb69N5fhyGUX7pTihXOchgpQ960zfHkW8N_HrxOpZ91uFnGuBkolyAOV4LA1PYSPjRqZugWPgvA2-3pE9vK5ahc/s640/blue-gene-sequoia.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A supercomputer is a computer that represents the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. They are used for highly calculation - intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling and physical simulations such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion. <i><b>The fastest supercomputer today is Cray’s Jaguar (1.7 petaflops), <u>but in 2011 will be delivered 15 times faster IBM’s Sequoia (20 petaflops)</u></b></i>, which will provide more processing power <u><i>than the entire list of</i></u><i> <a href="http://www.top500.org/%20">Top500 supercomputers</a> </i><u><i>running today or the 2 million commercial laptops.</i></u><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWSmYji-gAMgAaFRM9JOGebP-GGAJSw0f2-YXO3Ngasb6eqAPdXZ5K5l5iQvJndCR_Zch0rYpvEB4c945yZ6HbwWGiSpoLPDf2GUZ8bSKKH5_l-QP06dwWV8QpHW1M1_91jnni-9KNoI/s1600/Sequoia_wcOqjerbb1ScjqT33eZw0ff0a6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNWSmYji-gAMgAaFRM9JOGebP-GGAJSw0f2-YXO3Ngasb6eqAPdXZ5K5l5iQvJndCR_Zch0rYpvEB4c945yZ6HbwWGiSpoLPDf2GUZ8bSKKH5_l-QP06dwWV8QpHW1M1_91jnni-9KNoI/s320/Sequoia_wcOqjerbb1ScjqT33eZw0ff0a6.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KC0PY7dK1OMaLyfTKi18GL2VlZW_hHFOj_LCkPK_laDk9dBPc2CmIFmQPJT7REDMmr89sJ9q1QSW-3JxTt2oKgOfwjiwmgKH7vtgmfZjAEECID1xho0pAFwy2hlKp-9eAwplRyIIWIk/s1600/simbbluegenel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KC0PY7dK1OMaLyfTKi18GL2VlZW_hHFOj_LCkPK_laDk9dBPc2CmIFmQPJT7REDMmr89sJ9q1QSW-3JxTt2oKgOfwjiwmgKH7vtgmfZjAEECID1xho0pAFwy2hlKp-9eAwplRyIIWIk/s320/simbbluegenel.jpg" /></a>The US government has commissioned IBM to build a massive supercomputer. The Sequoia supercomputer was revealed in February 2009, and scheduled for delivery 2011 and operation in 2012. It will be able to perform at 20 petaflops, or 20.000 trillion floating point operations/sec.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sequoia will represent a significant leap forward in compute power. With top speeds of 20 petflops, Sequoia will be approximately 15 times faster than the Jaguar (1,7 petaflops), today’s most powerful supercomputer, and it will offer more processing power than the entire list of Top500 supercomputers running today. <i><b>This will be achieved by future IBM BlueGene technology and by using <u>1.6 million IBM POWER processor cores</u></b></i> (16 or 8-core Power Architecture processors built on a 45 nm fabrication process) <i><b>and 1.6 petabytes of main memory, which will occupy 96 refrigerator sized server racks</b></i> occupying just 3422 square feet. <b> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Sequoia will require 6 megawatts (6MW) of power for delivery of 3,050 calculations per watt of energy (or 3000 Mflops/watt), <i>which is unprecedented level of energy efficiency compared to current supercomputer designs.</i></b> The Sequoia system will deploy a state of the art switching infrastructure that will take advantage of advanced fiber optics at all levels. Operating system of this machine will be Linux.<br />
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<b><u><i>Sequoia will primarily be used</i></u> to ensure the safety and reliability of the US’s nuclear weapons stockpile. It will also be used for research into astronomy, energy, human genome science and climate change. </b><br />
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It will be built, tested and benchmarked in IBM’s Rochester, Minnesota plant, home of the Blue Gene class of supercomputers the company builds for ultra-scale computational applications. The hardware and software development will be provided by IBM engineers in Rochester and by researchers in IBM’s Yorktown Heights, N.Y. research lab, in partnership with the Lawrence Livermore National Lab and the Argonne National Lab. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Historical overview of supercomputer’s development</b></span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>Early machines, produced in 1960s</b></i>, were simply very fast scalar processors (CPUs - central processing unit) which processes one data item at a time. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>In the 1970s</b></i>, most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor (also called array processor), wherein a single instruction operates simultaneously on multiple data items. The difference between scalar and vector processor is analogous to the difference between scalar and vector arithmetic. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>The early and mid-1980s</b></i> saw machines with a modest number of vector processors working in parallel to become the standard. Typical numbers of processors were 4 - 16. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>In the later 1980s and 1990s</b></i>, attention turned from vector processors to massive parallel processing systems with thousands of "ordinary" CPUs, some being commercial, “off the shelf” units and others being custom designs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Today</b></i></span></u>, parallel designs are based on "off the shelf" server-class microprocessors, such as the PowerPC, Opteron, or Intel Xeon, and coprocessors like NVIDIA Tesla GPGPUs, AMD GPUs, IBM Cell, FPGAs. Most modern supercomputers are now highly-tuned computer clusters using commodity processors combined with custom interconnects.<br />
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<b><u><i>Jaguar</i></u>, the current fastest supercomputer in the world with 1.7 petaflops, has 224,256 x86-based AMD Opteron processor cores.</b><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>related links:</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<a href="http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26599.wss%20">http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26599.wss </a><br />
<a href="http://www.computescotland.com/dawn-first-then-coyote-sequoia-to-overtake-roadrunner-2029.php%20">http://www.computescotland.com/dawn-first-then-coyote-sequoia-to-overtake-roadrunner-2029.php </a><br />
<b><a href="http://www.top500.org/%20">top500.org</a></b><br />
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</div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-38814751980490000472010-08-24T21:19:00.002+02:002010-08-26T17:55:59.830+02:00Antimatter - near future of the space flights and weapons<div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQHhnX94lmHrO9AQVpLyghFX0GpWkZKcD06wGCP7vr7W3pOjy6hyphenhyphenlcKI1WbzjuDoAowD5UHhQhX83SZGSpSlXb-q1_Gp1Tt_x7RpHiILgKre9rOd7x3cAYougstq7pJM6IzDHz-k-hnmg/s1600/Antimatter_Rocket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQHhnX94lmHrO9AQVpLyghFX0GpWkZKcD06wGCP7vr7W3pOjy6hyphenhyphenlcKI1WbzjuDoAowD5UHhQhX83SZGSpSlXb-q1_Gp1Tt_x7RpHiILgKre9rOd7x3cAYougstq7pJM6IzDHz-k-hnmg/s640/Antimatter_Rocket.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Antimatter is a most potent and efficient fuel known so far.</b> While tons of chemical fuel are needed to propel a human mission to Mars, just tens of milligrams of antimatter can do the same thing. Only 1kg of antimatter can release the useful energy in equivalent of 20 megatons of TNT, which is nearly half of energy released by a hundreds of kilograms of fissile material in the Tsar Bomba (50 megatons of TNT), the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated. About 5 tones of antimatter would theoretically be enough to fuel all of the world’s energy consumption for a single year.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>Concepts for using the benefits of antimatter already exists and they are technically achievable.</b></i> However, <b>2 difficult problems</b> must be overcome before antimatter can be put to use as a fuel source. <u><b>The first is the cheaper creation of antimatter in sufficient quantities and the second is the storage of antimatter.</b></u> As soon as these problems become solved, antimatter is going to be used in space missions and military as a fuel for engines and weapons.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Nature of antimatter</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrGgi9PNjQo2uqJirSXBG6D7Xq3pTXpqI5AAEcqav5RrnnSfEUqVWa4cnSJXtHrAlPpYSnyBPuOBG2RvW0vVQvoB-VlouE8kJ_ILp6lvgIUhQyM2KYqlRpL4s0k9FxK3hiB0OPlelFE3s/s1600/Antihmota_CGRO.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrGgi9PNjQo2uqJirSXBG6D7Xq3pTXpqI5AAEcqav5RrnnSfEUqVWa4cnSJXtHrAlPpYSnyBPuOBG2RvW0vVQvoB-VlouE8kJ_ILp6lvgIUhQyM2KYqlRpL4s0k9FxK3hiB0OPlelFE3s/s640/Antihmota_CGRO.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap970501.html">A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter, first shot of annihilation in space taken by NASA</a></b></td></tr>
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtl_mensBuSD51Vk3Z6GUs4mftlM9Mz6BZa28ZBGOovhtXnEXuPs9Mi1D8poTSp3er7maV5Hqr2ec7mzajoJ6ineChtp-2-miGZFE-0ML9dF9LPXMHrwlFQBXm4cYmqZDq_afHw9m5-ao/s1600/611px-Particles_and_antiparticles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtl_mensBuSD51Vk3Z6GUs4mftlM9Mz6BZa28ZBGOovhtXnEXuPs9Mi1D8poTSp3er7maV5Hqr2ec7mzajoJ6ineChtp-2-miGZFE-0ML9dF9LPXMHrwlFQBXm4cYmqZDq_afHw9m5-ao/s320/611px-Particles_and_antiparticles.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Antimatter, nicknamed as “twin of matter” and “mirror matter”, consists of atoms with the same mass and inner structure as the matter atoms, but with opposite atomic properties known as spin and charge. Instead of electron and proton, the antiatom has antielectron (also called "positron") and an antiproton.<br />
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Mixing matter and antimatter can lead to the annihilation, which releases a huge amount of energy. <i><b>50-60% of that energy “escapes” in form of non-interactive neutrinos (very small, electrically neutral particle, which have almost no interaction with matter and thus escapes into outer space), and the rest releases as the kinetic energy in form of high-energy photons (gamma rays), and probably other particle–antiparticle pairs.</b></i> That kinetic energy instantly heats up the environment and turns it into an ultra hot plasma, which then emits thermal radiation in the full EM spectrum. <br />
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<i><b>Intensity of gamma rays depends of antimatter particles used in annihilation</b></i> – antiproton, and especially antihydrogen would emit extremely high energy gamma rays which can damage and contaminate everything close enough, but positrons would emit only low energy gamma rays, 400 times less energy than antiproton would be, and there are no radioactive fallout after positron’s usage.<br />
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The energy per unit mass (9×10<sup>16</sup> J/kg) is about 3 orders of magnitude greater than nuclear energy that can be liberated today using nuclear fission (8×10<sup>13</sup> J/kg), and about 2 orders of magnitude greater than the best possible from nuclear fusion (6.3×10<sup>14</sup> J/kg for the proton-proton chain).<b> The reaction of 1kg of antimatter with 1kg of matter would produce 1.8×10<sup>17</sup> J of energy (by the mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc²), <i>or the rough equivalent of 43 megatons of TNT</i>.</b> Half of that energy would be “lost” through neutrinos, so <u><i><b>the 1kg of antimatter would produce approximately 20 megatons of the useful energy.</b></i></u> For comparison, Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, reacted an estimated yield of 50 megatons, but it used a hundreds of kilograms of fissile material (Uranium/Plutonium). Little Boy, the nuclear bomb dropped in Hiroshima 1945, completely devastated this city with “just” 13-18 kilotons of TNT. <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Creation and storage of antimatter</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
In outer space, antimatter is created in collisions of high speed particles – cosmic rays. On Earth, <b>it has to be created in particle accelerators</b> (huge machines that smash atoms together). Creating the antihydrogen in enough quantities would be too long and too expensive process with today’s technology, and its use as fuel would free the high-energy gamma rays which are too contaminable and destructive. For this reasons, science is focusing on production of the smallest and the cheapest particles - positrons (anti-electrons), which emits low-energy gamma rays. Antihydrogen was produced experimentally at CERN in 1995, in quantity of few hundred thousand atoms.<br />
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Dr. Gerald Smith of Positronics Research, LLC, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, said that <b>a rough estimate to produce the 10 milligrams of positrons needed for a human Mars mission is about 250 million dollars, using technology that is currently under development. <i>Based on the experience with nuclear technology, it seems reasonable to expect positron production cost to go down with more research.</i></b><br />
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<b>Positrons are currently impossible to store in large quantities. </b>By their very nature, positrons are positively charged and therefore exert a Coulombic force of repulsion against one another. This Coulombic force is extremely powerful and only the smallest amounts of positrons can be stored adequately with current technology. Beside that, positrons (and any particles of antimatter) would annihilate anything what touches, so it has to be stored in the inside of electro-magnetic fields. There are currently specially constructed magnetic storage devices called <a href="http://courses.ae.utexas.edu/ase333t/past_projects/03fall/antimatter/applications_of_antimatter.htm"><i><u><b>Penning traps</b></u></i></a>, but these devices are not suited for high density storage of antimatter that would be required for space propulsion. Dr. Gerald Smith claims that this problem will be overcame.</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl_dqSFoEog2RmMqz9Wh2xx4riTfAVdZNzl6WxIRk6lGBXZET9cIwlT-3ypw6iyCIs37Ht9PlF40CBvf2Vm2mdhS2cS_nVklj5zNwGZIaIDu7bz6u4hFUqtTfr9QvXWpACHizOe2CxCGo/s1600/FT-ICR-trap_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl_dqSFoEog2RmMqz9Wh2xx4riTfAVdZNzl6WxIRk6lGBXZET9cIwlT-3ypw6iyCIs37Ht9PlF40CBvf2Vm2mdhS2cS_nVklj5zNwGZIaIDu7bz6u4hFUqtTfr9QvXWpACHizOe2CxCGo/s640/FT-ICR-trap_big.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #cccccc;">Penning trap - portable version</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">NASA’s antimatter spaceship plan</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1vAqAOkCSpKNo5Sc2KAS9aVtDjpKHAX2GbkiM_3Dl6NanqwkPAzF0IyKoZEWYd7ToDDnAiNpKJ3RcziOqR7McNPY7t73NT1kpFdJd_Uv2Fh4Im-7_V5hC_zCzEEsd3Cwjl9QKBZk-Wko/s1600/145960main_positron_ablation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1vAqAOkCSpKNo5Sc2KAS9aVtDjpKHAX2GbkiM_3Dl6NanqwkPAzF0IyKoZEWYd7ToDDnAiNpKJ3RcziOqR7McNPY7t73NT1kpFdJd_Uv2Fh4Im-7_V5hC_zCzEEsd3Cwjl9QKBZk-Wko/s640/145960main_positron_ablation.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify" style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Image right: This is an artist's concept of an advanced positron rocket engine, called an ablative engine. This engine produces thrust when material in the nozzle is vaporized (ablated). In the image, the engine emits blue-white exhaust as thin layers of material are vaporized by positrons in tiny capsules surrounded by lead. The capsules are shot into the nozzle compartment many times per second. Once in the nozzle compartment, the positrons are allowed to interact with the capsule, releasing gamma rays. The lead absorbs the gamma rays and radiates lower-energy X-rays, which vaporize the nozzle material. This complication is necessary because X-rays are more efficiently absorbed by the nozzle material than gamma rays would be. Credit: Positronics Research, LLC</b></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Beside production cost and storage problem, a big problem represents high-energy gamma rays which would be emitted in annihilation of antiproton and especially antihydrogen in antimatter propulsion. These rays are very energetic and can damage the engine and contaminate the whole ship.<br />
The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) is funding a team of researchers working on a design for an antimatter powered spaceship that avoids this nasty side effect by producing gamma rays with much lower energy. Previous designs were based on antiprotons, but new ones will use positrons, which makes gamma rays with about 400 times less energy. They also investigate how these low energy gamma rays can be absorbed or converted into harmless X-rays.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEeJtINBK8suNjLXo9TqrtdQnYQfikpgdc7_HPRyFif-SjPQdN7EJHUZKsykQEtVjH2fcTXF-bmclX7Zdos6Yd4wWU3BWUYFhzU-YYFdyFuq8odCHH2sOx0Si8g5yqhyphenhyphen3EIM3yqCbF3io/s1600/146433main_pos_rocket_scheme1_lgweb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEeJtINBK8suNjLXo9TqrtdQnYQfikpgdc7_HPRyFif-SjPQdN7EJHUZKsykQEtVjH2fcTXF-bmclX7Zdos6Yd4wWU3BWUYFhzU-YYFdyFuq8odCHH2sOx0Si8g5yqhyphenhyphen3EIM3yqCbF3io/s400/146433main_pos_rocket_scheme1_lgweb.gif" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The current Reference Mission calls for a nuclear reactor</b> to propel the spaceship to Mars. This reactor is very complex and many things can go wrong during the mission. Nuclear reactors are also very radioactive and after their fuel is used up.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Positron reactor will be much simpler and will not produce any leftover radiation after spending the fuel. Another significant advantage is the speed – with nuclear reactor, spaceship would arrive on Mars in 180 day, but with positron reactor the same journey should take just 45 days. </b><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Huge energetic potential of antimatter can dramatically improve capabilities of the army. When the problem of positron storage became solved, it will be possible to make the bomb small enough to hold in one’s hand but powerful enough to destroy one whole district. With antimatter engines, aircrafts will gain a huge improvement in range, ceiling and speed. Submarines will be simpler and faster comparing to today’s nuclear ones. Another possibility is antimatter-powered "electromagnetic pulse" weapons that could fry an enemy's electric power grid and communications networks, leaving him literally in the dark and unable to operate his society and armed forces.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgewLD3PnN2mkfya7yIaUftT6HHKQOdhVqU1Td6utghBPMgtclPFIWmqrIoPw6bkAfQLSaCii91qr1atIsZDk-DCca1eyD1uhs8WOrdQ-oCmI_zqL2-wIkQvX657XsZrl11pOPxgLYAP-4/s1600/01-bomb_low.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgewLD3PnN2mkfya7yIaUftT6HHKQOdhVqU1Td6utghBPMgtclPFIWmqrIoPw6bkAfQLSaCii91qr1atIsZDk-DCca1eyD1uhs8WOrdQ-oCmI_zqL2-wIkQvX657XsZrl11pOPxgLYAP-4/s640/01-bomb_low.jpg" width="566" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>250 grams of antimatter, about the weight of five eggs, could be used to make a hand-grenade sized bomb as powerful as a ten megaton nuclear weapon. <a href="http://www.editinternational.com/read.php?id=47ddeffeeedc5%20">Photo from Edit International</a></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Of course, antimatter will also be used for cataclysmic bombs - either pure antimatter bombs or antimatter-triggered (catalyzed) nuclear weapons. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<b>Pure antimatter bomb</b> will be the positron bomb because it would be the cheapest and the less contaminable explosive. As mentioned, there is no radioactive fallout after spending the positrons because they can emit only low energy gamma rays (400 times less energy then antiprotons would emit). And keep in mind that the 2-3kg of antimatter can release approximately the same energy as the hundreds of kilograms of nuclear material in Tsar Bomba (50 megatons of TNT) which leaves behind a heavy radioactive contamination.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Antimatter catalyzed weapons</b> requires much less quantity of antimatter, which means that this will be probably the first official use of antimatter. They also can result in less long-term contamination than conventional nuclear weapons, and their use might therefore be more politically acceptable. Igniting fusion fuel requires at least a few kilojoules of energy, which corresponds to around 10−13 gram of antimatter, or 10<sup>11</sup> anti-hydrogen atoms. Fuel compressed by high explosives could be ignited using around 10<sup>18</sup> protons to produce a weapon with a one kiloton yield. These quantities are clearly more feasible than those required for "pure" antimatter weapons, but the technical barriers to producing and storing even small amounts of antimatter remain formidable for now.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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interesting links:<br />
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<a href="http://www.icarusinterstellar.org/blog/antimatter-propulsion-beginnings-true-interstellar-flight/%20">http://www.icarusinterstellar.org/blog/antimatter-propulsion-beginnings-true-interstellar-flight/ </a><br />
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/antimatter_spaceship.html%20">http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/antimatter_spaceship.html </a><br />
<a href="http://www.editinternational.com/read.php?id=47ddeffeeedc5%20">http://www.editinternational.com/read.php?id=47ddeffeeedc5 </a></div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-75743002793759231242010-08-20T21:05:00.002+02:002010-08-26T17:52:43.257+02:005th generation jet fighter’s technology<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVC1-H-RxRFNaccVwt4XWs6XFM7Desg9p1-CpgxHYc8G14Z9WJytZqbfnz4vY-KT6Rf9Fn8x3pq_n7dq_kSIPfMFp6v4LJQ1hCOWBYEp6kjYJ57rU6cB2iVY1X97HMidH4SBc8Rn7DsQ/s1600/F22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVC1-H-RxRFNaccVwt4XWs6XFM7Desg9p1-CpgxHYc8G14Z9WJytZqbfnz4vY-KT6Rf9Fn8x3pq_n7dq_kSIPfMFp6v4LJQ1hCOWBYEp6kjYJ57rU6cB2iVY1X97HMidH4SBc8Rn7DsQ/s640/F22.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Aircrafts classified as fifth generation jet fighters currently represents the cutting edge of the fighter design. There are no strict and official rules for classification of fighters, but these aircraft are the most versatile and they have the most of the latest technological upgrades. <i><b>They have high performances in terms of maneuverability (including thrust vector control), range, avionics, ability to attack objectives on the ground and in the air while keeping low visibility for radars (advanced stealth technology), and they are equipped with sophisticated “situational awareness” sensors and networking for improved “team” organization.</b></i> <br />
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<b>Only 5th generation officially tested fighters in the world so far are the US’s F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II (3 different prototypes), and the Russian prototype Sukhoi PAK FA (T-50).</b> The US intends to buy a 2,443 of F-35 Lightning II for an estimated US$323 billion, making it the most expensive defense program ever. The Russian Defense Ministry will purchase the first 10 of the T-50 after 2012 and then 60 after 2016. <b>China, India, South Korea and Japan also have their actual 5th generation fighter programs, which should prepare their fighters for production within 8 – 15 years.</b><br />
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<b>5th generation jet fighter’s technology brief overview</b><br />
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The 5th generation fighter combines high-performance airframes (structures / parts that combines aerodynamics, materials technology and manufacturing methods to achieve balances of performance, reliability and cost), internally carried advanced air-to-air, and air-to-ground weapons, advanced stealth technology, Low Probability of Intercept Radar (LPIR), and computer network communication systems for shared situation awareness. Their advanced highly integrated avionics systems, with on and off-board sensor fusion, free pilots to focus on the task, rather than the different systems that generate the information.<br />
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<i><b>Previous generation stealth aircraft</b>, such as the B-2 Spirit and F-117 Nighthawk, lacked LPI Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars, and LPI radio networks. Those lacks <b><u>limited them to ground targets, because by engaging other aircraft, they would have revealed themselves.</u></b></i><b><u><br />
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In the 4.5th generation fighters (US F-18 Super Hornet, Russian Sukhoi, Eurofighter Typhoon…), the Infra-red search and track sensors were incorporated for both air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons. These sensors are in 5th generation fused in with other sensors for Situational Awareness IRST or SAIRST, which constantly tracks all targets of interest around the aircraft so the pilot need not guess when he glances. These sensors, along with advanced avionics, glass cockpits, helmet-mounted sights (not currently on F-22), and improved secure, jamming-resistant LPI datalinks are highly integrated to provide multi-platform, multi-sensor data fusion for vastly improved situational awareness while easing the pilot's workload. Avionics suites rely on extensive use of very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) technology, common modules, and high-speed data buses. Overall, the integration of all these elements is claimed to provide fifth-generation fighters with a "first-look, first-shot, first-kill capability".</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>5th generation fighters</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">F-22 Raptor (USA, 2005)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lXNahCSpkjbFcA2ZZLp5C5uVeZEoAuOtF_Zppjx8QBGfatbqSWTpblPR4U2Pu1eYC8n8jUdyanM5qQqvhrHDhyphenhyphenMmOfe-GDEv8UQqTVyoL8CV0F-70GVQHBWrk683xZ74v1nXOqUbSk0/s1600/F-22_Raptor_-_100702-F-4815G-217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lXNahCSpkjbFcA2ZZLp5C5uVeZEoAuOtF_Zppjx8QBGfatbqSWTpblPR4U2Pu1eYC8n8jUdyanM5qQqvhrHDhyphenhyphenMmOfe-GDEv8UQqTVyoL8CV0F-70GVQHBWrk683xZ74v1nXOqUbSk0/s320/F-22_Raptor_-_100702-F-4815G-217.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is the world’s first and so far only produced fighter classified as 5th generation aircraft – it is introduced in December 15th 2005, but it’s first prototype, YF-22, had his first flight in September 29th 1990. 9 years earlier (1981), USAF identifies need to replace F-15. Manufacturers are Lockheed Martin Aeronautics and it’s partner Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. They produced 168 units so far (1 unit costs ~ US$150 million).<br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn4VGyUG9N4EO9_9h5vFaKYk5LzYJdaG34oIfYtv_EKHC2IgYufZl7Rt26_08V78cR8RxiGFMT6zuHn05DU-bXzF0zOLG360jBWBI25PISoIQAHJKtf2YQwE6SOcysIODNSER7GRR7ULg/s1600/f16-f35-f22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn4VGyUG9N4EO9_9h5vFaKYk5LzYJdaG34oIfYtv_EKHC2IgYufZl7Rt26_08V78cR8RxiGFMT6zuHn05DU-bXzF0zOLG360jBWBI25PISoIQAHJKtf2YQwE6SOcysIODNSER7GRR7ULg/s320/f16-f35-f22.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This fighter is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft designed to be dominant in the air-to-air combat, but its complex structure and size makes it too expensive right now. On the other side, the smaller F-35 is less dominant and cheaper fighter, so it will be produced for selling. <br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>General performances</b></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhos0ffheuxoYGlZXU7Jq8saWa9LyoAJNuFiuUP7esKXJsnCPy6RNvg_HxnN4qj4PXKh5TzFoKUs41uKcXKSWtTPOwLUS7mSv_Wv_NQzNjzeXIpkak_VEemsIhVozjXkdE1ETDyutkJGuI/s1600/F-22+Raptor+parts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhos0ffheuxoYGlZXU7Jq8saWa9LyoAJNuFiuUP7esKXJsnCPy6RNvg_HxnN4qj4PXKh5TzFoKUs41uKcXKSWtTPOwLUS7mSv_Wv_NQzNjzeXIpkak_VEemsIhVozjXkdE1ETDyutkJGuI/s640/F-22+Raptor+parts.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to Lockheed Martin, the F-22 is the 2.0 Mach machine (Mach 1 = speed of sound) – they said that with afterburners, speed is "greater than Mach 2.0" (2,120 km/h, 1,317 mph). <br />
According to AirForces Monthly magazine, <b>the highest achieved speed by this aircraft is Mach 2.25 (2,410 km/h, 1,500 mph). <br />
Range of F-22 Raptor is 2,960km, service ceiling (max altitude) is 19,802m, combat radius (max distance from the airbase) is 759km and g limit is -3.0/+9.0g.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyD5LXGpxSYwyoF6nn_we8tUl9Prtrv22ezc4hyp_HneFwM0VlqMM9c-VOJTT2-_I8t1tZaLDuQ7hvB6a8Q8BwkUWaBXiYTVPvbdZ7LQK7gCY6BoT_5WFA_pi9MGuDZs_q6Q-s6co85GU/s1600/f22_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyD5LXGpxSYwyoF6nn_we8tUl9Prtrv22ezc4hyp_HneFwM0VlqMM9c-VOJTT2-_I8t1tZaLDuQ7hvB6a8Q8BwkUWaBXiYTVPvbdZ7LQK7gCY6BoT_5WFA_pi9MGuDZs_q6Q-s6co85GU/s200/f22_1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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This fighter is capable of maintaining a constant angle of attack of over 60°, yet still having some control of roll. During June 2006 exercises in Alaska, F-22 pilots demonstrated that cruise altitude has a significant effect on combat performance, and routinely attributed their altitude advantage as a major factor in achieving an unblemished kill ratio against other US fighters and 4th/4.5th generation fighters.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">F-35 Lightning II (USA, 2014)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZgdAouQLQsMMXqycFQAKOV7daocfGmXjnVLzpPgdCepTYfWdvEczhSoFbHWtzvTlpERynoU9oKu6iPEP8x9T-__LWNdZef6y46c-ISaNV3ZzZVAqfsNpvGsgJTcudQfyGmXnP9wpovhA/s1600/F35_side.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZgdAouQLQsMMXqycFQAKOV7daocfGmXjnVLzpPgdCepTYfWdvEczhSoFbHWtzvTlpERynoU9oKu6iPEP8x9T-__LWNdZef6y46c-ISaNV3ZzZVAqfsNpvGsgJTcudQfyGmXnP9wpovhA/s320/F35_side.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
This is the single-seat, single-engine fighter descended from the X-35, the product of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. First flight of prototype was in December 15th 2006, and its introduction is planed for 2014. <br />
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As mentioned, The United States intends to buy a total of 2,443 aircraft for an estimated US$323 billion, making it the most expensive defense program ever. Its development is being principally funded by the United States, with the United Kingdom, Italy, Netherlands, Canada, Australia, Denmark, Norway and Turkey providing additional funding. It is being designed and built by an aerospace industry team led by Lockheed Martin with Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems as major partners. The F-35 is likely to cost between US$65–120 million – it will be less dominant then F-22 in air-to-air combat, but much more economical (commercial).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3cS_8Gn3dLcTvmSKHD53Phz2o6AXtkNfSJRmcsD4RrjefszL_oLdVOZxV7QXljnp1lt8PkC-WPcmxqrkyA2W1Xy3fctfdK6YOG6m2wCsB_gWCZsU8Qb_imXaAZSsnJUJFk1mkC_3_9F8/s1600/AIR_F-35_JSF_Variants_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3cS_8Gn3dLcTvmSKHD53Phz2o6AXtkNfSJRmcsD4RrjefszL_oLdVOZxV7QXljnp1lt8PkC-WPcmxqrkyA2W1Xy3fctfdK6YOG6m2wCsB_gWCZsU8Qb_imXaAZSsnJUJFk1mkC_3_9F8/s320/AIR_F-35_JSF_Variants_lg.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">To keep operating costs down, designers are developing 3 types of this aircraft: F-35A - conventional take off and landing (CTOL) variant, F-35B - short-take off and vertical-landing (STOVL) variant and F-35C - carrier-based CATOBAR (CV) variant. The F-35 is intended to be the world's premier strike with close and long range air-to-air capability second only to that of the F-22 Raptor.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>General performances </b></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimKlUI_ozSadIanZLuRALsXDju2GmTzpqQugXcbj8oQq4uUjuaw_sXqkQPr4d3Rt9_Omh1RqtaXs25TWx1XivPHCvmLEEhhh3hWpVohQxquYDzSlhAwnFWEGU7C1xc2YeXvxZaPwnQ-sQ/s1600/f-35-cutaway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimKlUI_ozSadIanZLuRALsXDju2GmTzpqQugXcbj8oQq4uUjuaw_sXqkQPr4d3Rt9_Omh1RqtaXs25TWx1XivPHCvmLEEhhh3hWpVohQxquYDzSlhAwnFWEGU7C1xc2YeXvxZaPwnQ-sQ/s640/f-35-cutaway.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to Aviation Week site, <b>max speed of F-35 Lightning II is Mach 1.67 (2,065 km/h, 1,283 mph).<br />
Range is 2,220km, service ceiling is 18,288m and combat radius is 1,090km and g limit is 9g.</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Sukhoi PAK FA T-50 (Russia, 2015)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcurhJ7Sapfip_pqJyv8X4z-EzJV7nQGkOtV8NiK_NseiuLoy_Bsj0RaqleDqbGnGLvudMsns0u_WSo1_wEK8vRTJSZqdkxwg-ZhnphgzYVZVgc6neysAQQFC5CyNXrfosw475AKNK4bw/s1600/Pak_fa_in_flight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcurhJ7Sapfip_pqJyv8X4z-EzJV7nQGkOtV8NiK_NseiuLoy_Bsj0RaqleDqbGnGLvudMsns0u_WSo1_wEK8vRTJSZqdkxwg-ZhnphgzYVZVgc6neysAQQFC5CyNXrfosw475AKNK4bw/s320/Pak_fa_in_flight.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The twin-engined Sukhoi PAK FA (Russian: Перспективный авиационный комплекс фронтовой авиации, literally "Future Frontline Aircraft System") is the first non-American 5th generation fighter. It is developed by Sukhoi OKB for the Russian Air Force. Its first flight was in January 29th 2010, and introduction is planed for 2015. Estimated cost of 1 fighter is US$100 million.<br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As mentioned, the Russian Defense Ministry will purchase the first 10 of the T-50 after 2012 and then 60 after 2016. Also, Sukhoi director Mikhail Pogosyan has projected a market for 1,000 aircraft over the next four decades, which will be produced in a joint venture with India, 200 each for Russia and India and 600 for other countries.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDi-LqtcQ3N-0G0Z15wZbvOQZ7DHBD8n5cKETlIAuFCIhKr6tCEBg5yw2lB7BfodU0JOOrPbG66JydGgrFwuXsCtztkb_Hi9OAqaLywaJnFumusF9dn7CPi7MiEnnYDwN4qawk2QYw6Gc/s1600/T-50+13bb54977029.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDi-LqtcQ3N-0G0Z15wZbvOQZ7DHBD8n5cKETlIAuFCIhKr6tCEBg5yw2lB7BfodU0JOOrPbG66JydGgrFwuXsCtztkb_Hi9OAqaLywaJnFumusF9dn7CPi7MiEnnYDwN4qawk2QYw6Gc/s640/T-50+13bb54977029.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i><b>General performances</b></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7IJBBJh1FLoWN30FTpJnWNxvnkrWHaQJKwYaWX4GWwGPYTm4XvLU_GKUZakk0q51ceu2PDbuG73930ZXkBsa6OTfKwfp0KSIOzuRUbjoelbgmrmX6h_vjqwFpP_XZPHTCNUdfnPPW13I/s1600/PAK-FA_diagram.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7IJBBJh1FLoWN30FTpJnWNxvnkrWHaQJKwYaWX4GWwGPYTm4XvLU_GKUZakk0q51ceu2PDbuG73930ZXkBsa6OTfKwfp0KSIOzuRUbjoelbgmrmX6h_vjqwFpP_XZPHTCNUdfnPPW13I/s320/PAK-FA_diagram.jpg.png" width="168" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Data available to public is unreliable, but according to www.globalsecurity.org, the T-50’s <b>top speed is Mach 2.45 (2,600 km/h, 1,615 mph).<br />
Ferry range is 5,500km, service ceiling 20,000m and g limit is +11g.</b><br />
<u><i><b>It seems that the PAK FA is going to surpass the US’s F-22 Raptor, and it going to be cheaper at the same time due to its more simple structure.</b></i></u><br />
The PAK FA also has a bigger weapons bay and greater fuel capacity. Innovative wing leading edge radar of lower frequency (perhaps L band) would be able to locate stealth aircraft like the F-22, a capability that the F-22 does not have.<br />
<a href="http://fightercountry.org/news/air-force-news/sukhoi-t-50-5th-generation-fighter/71265%20">http://fightercountry.org/news/air-force-news/sukhoi-t-50-5th-generation-fighter/71265 </a><br />
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<b><i>However, premier of Russia Vladimir Putin and Russian media has spotted that <u>the stealth technology along with electronic equipment are not fully developed yet for this aircraft</u>, so it need to be reequipped to regain its title as 5th generation fighter.</i></b><br />
<a href="http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/18-06-2010/113908-fifth_generation-0">http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/18-06-2010/113908-fifth_generation-0</a> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqKphg-D0I-jZDL7k4MSxvBagEz9-mJvBwpCzYm1KmQM9FQpnylvMd8aKf9_zPwXgY1puww8PXnQbE8WTHAXTbBeKCUGg2wyDV19nDbM2q8imwP0WmB7e6bunGjocF6DmT-sOqvxuj5o/s1600/pak-fa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqKphg-D0I-jZDL7k4MSxvBagEz9-mJvBwpCzYm1KmQM9FQpnylvMd8aKf9_zPwXgY1puww8PXnQbE8WTHAXTbBeKCUGg2wyDV19nDbM2q8imwP0WmB7e6bunGjocF6DmT-sOqvxuj5o/s640/pak-fa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">J-XX, J-14 (China, 2018)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3U2_3egdor_Kg-UmAbIZWL-ghtU87csBYH81jlHlGYnkzTCeyxutRwfj3yjgJi3shZVwTY3W-_Egm8RK1_-JWUpyzSE8r4BqUOPlJuJNcfWUWnzctUZz-x_qf_2vPV157OpD6bWJakg/s1600/J-XX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3U2_3egdor_Kg-UmAbIZWL-ghtU87csBYH81jlHlGYnkzTCeyxutRwfj3yjgJi3shZVwTY3W-_Egm8RK1_-JWUpyzSE8r4BqUOPlJuJNcfWUWnzctUZz-x_qf_2vPV157OpD6bWJakg/s320/J-XX.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is the Chinese 5th generation fighter (4th generation by Chinese nomenclature) under development in Shenyang Aircraft Industry. Its introduction is planed for 2018.<br />
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No details of the aircraft were given yet to the public, but it is almost certainly designed for supersonic cruise without afterburning. China is probably working on two 5th generation concepts – one would be a heavy twin-engine fighter probably of about the same size as the F-22, and the other is a single-engine aircraft probably closer to the F-35.<br />
<a href="http://militarystrat.wordpress.com/2010/01/07/chinas-5th-generation-j-14-stealth-fighter/%20">http://militarystrat.wordpress.com/2010/01/07/chinas-5th-generation-j-14-stealth-fighter/ </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXllDNU4q0kVCuSO8oHJWOrP93RT8JPbhCw320koYL7_vM6RuGGDf4ofnWGrjK8lp82fn3V0kY7SBgVgvWcG4NX7otIeDAV_kUMNVeHOhznzdo8m0Fmqnaiv1cfn6bV5stKe6vQZd_5Cg/s1600/shenyangxxjj14fa02oo4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXllDNU4q0kVCuSO8oHJWOrP93RT8JPbhCw320koYL7_vM6RuGGDf4ofnWGrjK8lp82fn3V0kY7SBgVgvWcG4NX7otIeDAV_kUMNVeHOhznzdo8m0Fmqnaiv1cfn6bV5stKe6vQZd_5Cg/s640/shenyangxxjj14fa02oo4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGejBlNK3jRH_M0sTFl97LUAJ-rq3gUxSAoDg4KBSihZeOU2qPo2nIlFJA-fDEJ4LShX-QcfN2nA-GNDo-k19MjEnItqto13sNayOEPnL4aN48G7gNQEcVrTZp2uMTwuwtog3oUQrtY7A/s1600/shenyangxxjj14fa03ht4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGejBlNK3jRH_M0sTFl97LUAJ-rq3gUxSAoDg4KBSihZeOU2qPo2nIlFJA-fDEJ4LShX-QcfN2nA-GNDo-k19MjEnItqto13sNayOEPnL4aN48G7gNQEcVrTZp2uMTwuwtog3oUQrtY7A/s640/shenyangxxjj14fa03ht4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sukhoi/HAL (India – Russia, 2018)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXNq2rBSvl4aDYVv3ojAJiRvaao4C3wT0DbXqXwxYCQk-XLCZRqTdSLD1iuQ9smQGrRwvtX1qFF78CJy7DNr-jxBsqjb79jXed0-ScD0WEobBpux3zBtCNVr996uoOfcOSOShiQt0_Rm4/s1600/Sukhoi-HAL-FGFA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXNq2rBSvl4aDYVv3ojAJiRvaao4C3wT0DbXqXwxYCQk-XLCZRqTdSLD1iuQ9smQGrRwvtX1qFF78CJy7DNr-jxBsqjb79jXed0-ScD0WEobBpux3zBtCNVr996uoOfcOSOShiQt0_Rm4/s320/Sukhoi-HAL-FGFA.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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In 2018, the Sukhoi/HAL will be introduced. It is developing for Indian Air Force in cooperation of Sukhoi Design Bureau and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">AMCA (India, 2025)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsWsBunPVwCcbM9fRYAlOD7L1mGSSZrfJyfsC_iDB9tj2e45WSeEU3JD5Fpyrmt9yE3-f85azQ7BrvsVueOsaTP03BzPKseVIpvZV6A5wB0AupPEh-LCUifjwmv0Sk7w39AWJZtREKKc/s1600/mcaai2009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsWsBunPVwCcbM9fRYAlOD7L1mGSSZrfJyfsC_iDB9tj2e45WSeEU3JD5Fpyrmt9yE3-f85azQ7BrvsVueOsaTP03BzPKseVIpvZV6A5wB0AupPEh-LCUifjwmv0Sk7w39AWJZtREKKc/s320/mcaai2009.JPG" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) will be the Indian twin-engine fighter. It is developing by Aeronautical Development Agency and its introduction is planed by 2025.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">KF-X (South Korea - Indonesia, ~ 2020)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCiKspDA96P2h3akOE9_Yt7sGvUuHYkAWuimw2zHt-lyBPo77I8Wgthlwn_f1soppm-FrFFHZxfvhKP3Ryucmqv7BYd1Tor-5-YgKCTc-2OAqCjdp1glllTNWtJwj4pXavHpPQmSKiSY/s1600/kfx-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCiKspDA96P2h3akOE9_Yt7sGvUuHYkAWuimw2zHt-lyBPo77I8Wgthlwn_f1soppm-FrFFHZxfvhKP3Ryucmqv7BYd1Tor-5-YgKCTc-2OAqCjdp1glllTNWtJwj4pXavHpPQmSKiSY/s320/kfx-01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Korea Aerospace Industries KF-X is South Korea's project to develop an indigenous fighter aircraft for the Republic of Korea Air Force. Indonesian Air Force is financing 20% of the developing costs. There are currently two competing designs for the KFX, the KFX-201 which has a tri-plane layout with canards and a more conventional, F-35 style KFX-101 design.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxkS-pnODdy9HkUhBYZMftbsaPG1AU3XMmGlhSCJKXJpcjqrl5iorzlEWNuD8MLOhx6QQMJ18x28v8-6iwD5oQXSsDAkZJTY8pNSBQPpRFumwa1sB5GsNTFP247zfXt5cywA192uJMYuY/s1600/kfx-201.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxkS-pnODdy9HkUhBYZMftbsaPG1AU3XMmGlhSCJKXJpcjqrl5iorzlEWNuD8MLOhx6QQMJ18x28v8-6iwD5oQXSsDAkZJTY8pNSBQPpRFumwa1sB5GsNTFP247zfXt5cywA192uJMYuY/s400/kfx-201.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><span style="font-size: large;">Mitsubishi ATD-X Shinshin (Japan) </span><br />
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The “Advanced Technology Demonstrator – X” (ATD-X) is a prototype being developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for Japanese Ministry of Defence. It is not officially planed for production, but its first flight is expected in 2014.<br />
The ATD-X will be used as a technology demonstrator and research prototype to determine whether domestic advanced technologies for a 5th generation fighter aircraft are viable, and is a 1/3 size model of a possible full-production aircraft. It is mostly inspired by F-22 Raptor.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Historical overview of previous jet fighter’s generations </b></span><br />
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<b>1st GENERATION: 1945-1955</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLJpBwFdGiog81b5TdJCBgkRXt6DD5qzAP5IrHM_6RrN9SUkSVgtFoentPa3EYBXA4tsTibhbuex2b5n5k6Hp2JMei0gce2M-2KYqM4PQ7xF4AXawI_0_hJhGTFKGx-YV9jQSw7gWy7-k/s1600/mig15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLJpBwFdGiog81b5TdJCBgkRXt6DD5qzAP5IrHM_6RrN9SUkSVgtFoentPa3EYBXA4tsTibhbuex2b5n5k6Hp2JMei0gce2M-2KYqM4PQ7xF4AXawI_0_hJhGTFKGx-YV9jQSw7gWy7-k/s200/mig15.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>MiG-15</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">These are typically subsonic jet aircraft with similar abilities to their airscrew forerunners. They had the same WWII vintage weaponry such as dumb bombs and belt-fed machine guns.<br />
Aircraft seen in dogfights over the skies of the Korean War typify this generation. Aircraft such as the MiG-15, MiG-17, F-86 Sabre, as well as the de Havilland Vampire, Supermarine Attacker, Saab Lansen and Dasault Ouragan.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2nd GENERATION: 1955-1960</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit4PT8-BoFi21Jc0GuNayLGglg7m6b0neT5Bu3Ywa2W9eDoJT8Zc5jWuEY_By1cIhMvRTslSuCn1NED7w_qx-B_rZEPmXJtm8J1uDzTYfIP8HlJXDy5wuAuYnrR6RlWljCp-v5sE-6hIo/s1600/f104-03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit4PT8-BoFi21Jc0GuNayLGglg7m6b0neT5Bu3Ywa2W9eDoJT8Zc5jWuEY_By1cIhMvRTslSuCn1NED7w_qx-B_rZEPmXJtm8J1uDzTYfIP8HlJXDy5wuAuYnrR6RlWljCp-v5sE-6hIo/s200/f104-03.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F-104 Starfighter</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">2nd generation fighter aircrafts had performance goals in such categories as supersonic speed, ceiling and rate of climb. In addition the technology driving the second generation centered around aerodynamics, propulsion and building materials. New technology advances also enabled this generation to incorporate radar and missiles into their list of assets.<br />
Aircraft typical of this generation are the F-104 Starfighter, F-105 Thunderchief, F-106 Delta Dart, Dassault Mirage III, Saab Draken, MiG-19 & the MiG-21.<br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>3rd GENERATION: 1960-1970</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj7i3jD5RLqhM2DOCnwFUJWEdpGxZkaLVL9OOB560Cl5uryToC5hbXRdyrgsWFYhbS0YTZCp43iAdJTmDuWd8glTKAJut8DpgOVzQuuJVwuen_Xin65AxnqXQitSu0eihpe_9NmQMbORc/s1600/f4-phantom-625x450.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj7i3jD5RLqhM2DOCnwFUJWEdpGxZkaLVL9OOB560Cl5uryToC5hbXRdyrgsWFYhbS0YTZCp43iAdJTmDuWd8glTKAJut8DpgOVzQuuJVwuen_Xin65AxnqXQitSu0eihpe_9NmQMbORc/s200/f4-phantom-625x450.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F-4 Phantom</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">This generation had improved maneuverability and multi-role capabilities (carrying out both air to air and ground attack).<br />
Continued improvements in propulsion such are more reliable jet engines with increased thrust and the beginnings of large advances in avionics and weapons systems.<br />
Fighter aircraft that flew in the Vietnam War are included in this group - the 3rd generation includes the F-4 Phantom, Northrop F-5, MiG-23, MiG-25, Sukhoi Su-15, Dassault Mirage F1 and the Dassault Super Etendard.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<b>4th GENERATION: 1970-1990</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjohuY36IPFug8j41aXLKByzHzvoI1n9nnO9COHa11ZA7whjTt72Dmc1pgIIQMbAomtV8azPq1-UPh2vnJmb2OJY9gsVEkwPnu1F827qQnFnKzVRc-phERHCyCvIqn5eTntv9sO9Vqlx0w/s1600/mig29-071.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjohuY36IPFug8j41aXLKByzHzvoI1n9nnO9COHa11ZA7whjTt72Dmc1pgIIQMbAomtV8azPq1-UPh2vnJmb2OJY9gsVEkwPnu1F827qQnFnKzVRc-phERHCyCvIqn5eTntv9sO9Vqlx0w/s200/mig29-071.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>MiG-29</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
These aircrafts includes notably more sophisticated avionics and weaponry brought on by advances in computers and system integration. Increased agility and flexibility in mission roles is also a typical attribute of the 4th generation. Examples of the 4th generation are the F-14, F-15, F-16, F-18, AV8 Harrier, MiG-29, MiG-31, Sukhoi Su-27, Panavia Tornado, Dassault Mirage 2000 and the Saab Viggen.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>4.5th GENERATION: 1990-2000</b></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf5Yx2mLGMmWqm5sz_XjHz_Itl_PwKesyOoaLmqcctQuSNhSJwoXUGmfwJRjRyTA8xg_MUS36Unr66r9UtMAnCVwzalWAKoKb24L6POWhwFqOCq5wOw6G3P_29RFhjBdSuI7I45SAFhs/s1600/F-18+top1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf5Yx2mLGMmWqm5sz_XjHz_Itl_PwKesyOoaLmqcctQuSNhSJwoXUGmfwJRjRyTA8xg_MUS36Unr66r9UtMAnCVwzalWAKoKb24L6POWhwFqOCq5wOw6G3P_29RFhjBdSuI7I45SAFhs/s200/F-18+top1.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F-18 Super Hornet</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Performance and technology goals for 4.5th generation are reduced radar cross section through advanced airframe shaping and radar absorbent materials being used in the construction. Highly advanced avionics are also a prerequisite for this category. The 4.5 generation includes F-18 Super Hornet, Sukhoi Su-33, Sukhoi Su-35, Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Grippen and the Dassault Raphale. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b>Some interesting links</b></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://fightercountry.org/%20">http://fightercountry.org/ </a><br />
<a href="http://military.discovery.com/%20">http://military.discovery.com/ </a><br />
<a href="http://www.airforcesmonthly.co.uk%20/">www.airforcesmonthly.co.uk </a><br />
<a href="http://www.aviationweek.com%20/">www.aviationweek.com </a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.amazingpaperairplanes.com%20/">www.amazingpaperairplanes.com </a><br />
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</div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-58528241098960668872010-08-17T23:27:00.006+02:002010-08-26T17:45:31.215+02:00Father of All Bombs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-SM04GMOFHDxS9jNrD_J0Hl-hpmcbLvu8Od4DHY9a54IqHKmM7uFwE04H-m6l9EPogDQptlK4R6jfX1i38VgMSfLUe2JtCpO6TmZCU3TsX6-HtiQ-cHsbOvhNqHXvGQE-IwS53N0JD0/s1600/bombGPX1109_468x236.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-SM04GMOFHDxS9jNrD_J0Hl-hpmcbLvu8Od4DHY9a54IqHKmM7uFwE04H-m6l9EPogDQptlK4R6jfX1i38VgMSfLUe2JtCpO6TmZCU3TsX6-HtiQ-cHsbOvhNqHXvGQE-IwS53N0JD0/s400/bombGPX1109_468x236.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Probably the most powerful conventional (non-nuclear) weapon</b> in the world today is Russian “Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power” (ATBIP, Russian: Авиационная вакуумная бомба повышенной мощности (АВБПМ)), <u><b>nicknamed "Father of All Bombs" (FOAB)</b></u> (Отец всех бомб). It is a Russian-made air-delivered / land activated thermobaric vacuum bomb with the <u><b>same destructive power as a small tactical nuclear weapon. </b></u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3Cpnq4wFx0%20">VIDEO</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>FOAB overview</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Blast yield of 44 tons of TNT produces just 7.8 tons of a new type of high explosive (explosive that produces supersonic velocity “shock front” and higher temperatures), developed with the use of nanotechnology. The bomb contains a 6,400 kilogram (6.4t) charge of a liquid fuel such as ethylene oxide, mixed with an energetic nanoparticle such as aluminium, surrounding a high explosive burster.<b> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQCRX4U5HK51ZPMAupHOg04w2l5pxXz5V6Qo4YxOg_QbeNXMraAbE9Yr7GeBuUNx2uXrPOe_tbAkf246IgX6n8qR6OajNUsTikXesoKWDJP4S9VEHVt-R6kCuKtNDYZM9mXpbmqQxQmM/s1600/2iln7tw.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQCRX4U5HK51ZPMAupHOg04w2l5pxXz5V6Qo4YxOg_QbeNXMraAbE9Yr7GeBuUNx2uXrPOe_tbAkf246IgX6n8qR6OajNUsTikXesoKWDJP4S9VEHVt-R6kCuKtNDYZM9mXpbmqQxQmM/s640/2iln7tw.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgQ6c45jQYIOkoJXpz6rpviQpnKf9N3n0w4jY5JedoRng80pkbhmCH_uQTOIBy5qSmRyVS9d6hVqSKtdImtWnikeMJ7zknwtQ_dMRN4muIg5KTrDUjoP4xqi_31jRAozqp1Jk6XtAydI/s1600/bombrussiaAP1109b_468x357.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgQ6c45jQYIOkoJXpz6rpviQpnKf9N3n0w4jY5JedoRng80pkbhmCH_uQTOIBy5qSmRyVS9d6hVqSKtdImtWnikeMJ7zknwtQ_dMRN4muIg5KTrDUjoP4xqi_31jRAozqp1Jk6XtAydI/s320/bombrussiaAP1109b_468x357.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAVgMoO7RKQyxE0MfeQWmEJZsALvGaotR4bIv5EJCADmOATdZ4le5ClRs2efsCN_Aph8usaUD2uC1Hu6Itq_8RuYbAUZI7-D4UvFNiboXU5Z6vHDNe9qHkYNijLX2gqURN5a_LefYKzz0/s1600/F_200709_September1_364734a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAVgMoO7RKQyxE0MfeQWmEJZsALvGaotR4bIv5EJCADmOATdZ4le5ClRs2efsCN_Aph8usaUD2uC1Hu6Itq_8RuYbAUZI7-D4UvFNiboXU5Z6vHDNe9qHkYNijLX2gqURN5a_LefYKzz0/s320/F_200709_September1_364734a.jpg" /></a>The bomb was successfully field-tested in the late evening of September 11, 2007. In describing the bomb's destructive power, Russian deputy armed forces chief of staff Alexander Rukshin was quoted as saying, "all that is alive merely evaporates". According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal. <br />
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Comparing to U.S. military's GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (official military acronym "MOAB" is often colloquially said as the <i><b>"Mother of All Bombs"</b></i>), the FOAB is 4 times more poberful (44t compared to 11t of TNT) beside it’s smaller size and weight (7.1t compared to 8.2t). FOAB also have larger blast radius (300m compared to 150m) and twice higher temperature at the centre of the blast is due to nanotechnology. <br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>How vacuum bomb works?</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxspY8WTN4dnvn_i8_rju1lH_QEKnUz92Io8zH1hElZjeLTVxGK3MoO6pZqF0QH2EsnlAvgNW1UsFjIq365N_yqG_caqQFkNugVzt-cWeVWWW_wY8Tk_rKdXVL7hHyI67n3DVb-EFRpM/s1600/thermobaric-bomb-manual.thumbnail.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxspY8WTN4dnvn_i8_rju1lH_QEKnUz92Io8zH1hElZjeLTVxGK3MoO6pZqF0QH2EsnlAvgNW1UsFjIq365N_yqG_caqQFkNugVzt-cWeVWWW_wY8Tk_rKdXVL7hHyI67n3DVb-EFRpM/s640/thermobaric-bomb-manual.thumbnail.gif" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQPo-xu7esp-mSo6HOCq5_HjcGnf4SYAZ673FtCIH3JtRloYIZHxcyCt7-cglqLZX7B0F6nCF4OsdIlCkKjqaJhsUyAFF1VcBM2S-_86evT5_cqgkRRnXtgANPBAWv06gOJP6t3i3JRY/s1600/_1854371_thermo_bomb3_inf300.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZQPo-xu7esp-mSo6HOCq5_HjcGnf4SYAZ673FtCIH3JtRloYIZHxcyCt7-cglqLZX7B0F6nCF4OsdIlCkKjqaJhsUyAFF1VcBM2S-_86evT5_cqgkRRnXtgANPBAWv06gOJP6t3i3JRY/s320/_1854371_thermo_bomb3_inf300.gif" width="272" /></a>Vacuum bomb (high impulse thermobaric weapon or fuel–air explosive) differ from conventional explosive weapons by using oxygen from the outer air. As result, they produce more energy than normal weapons but are harder to control. Their reliance on atmospheric oxygen makes them unsuitable for use underwater or in adverse weather, but they have significant advantages when deployed inside confined environments such as tunnels, caves, and bunkers.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">This bomb produces two blasts, the first being the dispersion of a cloud of liquid or powder explosive using a small detonating charge, and then the main explosion, when a second charge ignites the cloud, producing the actual deflagration.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A typical thermobaric weapon contains a mix of a monopropellant fuel explosive and a highly energetic material, like powdered aluminum, and usually consists of a container packed with a fuel substance, in the center of which is a small conventional-explosive "scatter charge". Fuels are chosen on the basis of the exothermicity of their oxidation, ranging from powdered metals such as aluminium or magnesium, or organic materials, possibly with a self-contained partial oxidant. The most recent development involves the use of nanofuels.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
For more details check these links: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Thermobaric_Bomb_of_Increased_Power">Father of All Bombs wikipedia</a></b> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon%20">Vacuum bombs wikipedia</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4408113756378281757.post-49163843436763979312010-08-15T22:07:00.004+02:002010-08-26T17:39:33.125+02:00New space telescope is preparing to replace Hubble<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv5Nli_H7gOm3yQjOIwiYhEHd9SlZIluMdfuDuvJOr739b-kzdBcNDEhvqhWbnm4nxvo_HoNrxoC2jZHxtJe85prwfma7ouEOuOAVGUyXIhUbfZ8hk497w3qsXEPNZqa6mhU-5r4S7Lc/s1600/lg_full_scale_model2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv5Nli_H7gOm3yQjOIwiYhEHd9SlZIluMdfuDuvJOr739b-kzdBcNDEhvqhWbnm4nxvo_HoNrxoC2jZHxtJe85prwfma7ouEOuOAVGUyXIhUbfZ8hk497w3qsXEPNZqa6mhU-5r4S7Lc/s640/lg_full_scale_model2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">full scale model of the </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="color: #cccccc;">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> ></span> <a href="http://webbtelescope.org/">webbtelescope.org</a></span></div></td></tr>
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</div><div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or Webb) is a planned infrared space observatory and is the scientific successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. The JWST or Webb Telescope's main scientific goal is to observe the most distant objects in the universe beyond the reach of either ground based instruments or the Hubble. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adi4ADVlUvg">VIDEO</a></b></span></span></div><br />
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<b>Achievements of Hubble</b> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jlsNhs09a-zS8cdsOKyu-DrKHOKowyjz0_rvBjXwaPrkGB-d6-p9wMZ86KApGetU796R_8uH_T3NMzIwUZc1-xaR9rjmyNtvKGDJgPWys4yEfkqb37D8QjzvtARERBTJkxttu6CuE8A/s1600/HST-SM4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3jlsNhs09a-zS8cdsOKyu-DrKHOKowyjz0_rvBjXwaPrkGB-d6-p9wMZ86KApGetU796R_8uH_T3NMzIwUZc1-xaR9rjmyNtvKGDJgPWys4yEfkqb37D8QjzvtARERBTJkxttu6CuE8A/s320/HST-SM4.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #cccccc;">Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Since it’s launch in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is our eyes in outer space and it’s ability to take an extremely sharp images with no background light helped NASA to discover and study many crucial phenomenons such as black holes (super massive stars collapsing in themselves due to a huge gravity force) , supernovas (the death explosions of massive stars), nebulaes (gas clouds forced outwards by a dying star), proplyds (protoplanetary disks - flattened disks of gas and dust, the likely birthplaces of new planetary systems), distant planets size of Jupiter, and many others.. Hubble also helped astronomers to calculate how old is our universe (roughly 13.75 billion years).<br />
<a href="http://www.space.com/top10-hubble-telescope-discoveries.html%20">You can check the list of top 10 Hubble discoveries here</a><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>So what is the next step in astronomy? </b><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg7a66egXEfOucD2wOVm8Mo8wMGkIFg9R56TS4OnUgARe6Q6EpQNEsYg2_4dA2TJJ4NOMZCEmE7lLHqYLu4P54SvQwbuHv35QZMJTNAjHASDQzANNwQLHPUKaLemcYwWCL_luC1xes4dY/s1600/jwst_planet_study.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg7a66egXEfOucD2wOVm8Mo8wMGkIFg9R56TS4OnUgARe6Q6EpQNEsYg2_4dA2TJJ4NOMZCEmE7lLHqYLu4P54SvQwbuHv35QZMJTNAjHASDQzANNwQLHPUKaLemcYwWCL_luC1xes4dY/s200/jwst_planet_study.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />
The Webb’s primary scientific mission has 4 main components: to search for light from the first stars and galaxies which formed in the Universe after the Big Bang, to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, to understand the formation of stars and planetary systems and to study planetary systems and the origins of life. No doubt that the improved abilities of this new generation space telescope will spot distant planets which have a size of the Earth, and it also should lead astronomers deeper into the secrets of the dark matter and the dark energy. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">This crucial scientific goals has united the United States space agency (NASA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and contributions from additional fifteen nations to work together on Webb project. Current plans call for the telescope to be launched on an Ariane 5 rocket in June 2014 on a five-year mission.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<b>Webb’s technological advantages over Hubble</b><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx30MGfog_-MHT4kL4hknCNLbjH8U1dzFZJmwNtAnpFPnYFjmxNS3E5QwfryVaPQ6yB7-ug7JIJa6NsSuDmivFucwnB16gmqrAlqHU_hzzm8HOK7w-IzLOskgKUQwm3fGnjCSH-ut8hXg/s1600/age+of+universe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="507" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx30MGfog_-MHT4kL4hknCNLbjH8U1dzFZJmwNtAnpFPnYFjmxNS3E5QwfryVaPQ6yB7-ug7JIJa6NsSuDmivFucwnB16gmqrAlqHU_hzzm8HOK7w-IzLOskgKUQwm3fGnjCSH-ut8hXg/s640/age+of+universe.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
Because it takes the time for light to travel, the further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking.<br />
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As shown in this illustration, Hubble (HST) can see the equivalent of young galaxies and Webb (JWST) will be able to see young stars and “baby galaxies”. The Big Bang caused the universe (and galaxies in it) to expand, so most galaxies are moving away from each other. The most distant (and thus youngest) galaxies are moving away so quickly that the light they emit gets shifted towards the red and infrared of spectrum. This can be compared to listening to a train whistle shifting from higher to lower frequency as it passes by. This phenomenon is main reason for creating the Webb as a primary infrared space observatory, with wavelength coverage from 0.6 to 28 micrometers (from 6.0x10ˉ⁷m to 2.8x10ˉ⁵m). This is the basic advantage over Hubble, which is mostly oriented to visible and UV light – it’s coverage is from 0.8 to 2.5 micrometers (more micrometers means lower frequency = deeper infrared coverage).<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3aMQLUbyzfyfJTULBP4lsfykQYuMBrYzlTEonBcStqfJIAcOOrw3dL9iSeCzBDPpm4k_px05VAmmnXmpsUwq2R0-TwFZsbBfTJQhuTDVXNiOJxPuo_1-qsXZcD3rMatLGsnwqoND7D0/s1600/web+wavelenght.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3aMQLUbyzfyfJTULBP4lsfykQYuMBrYzlTEonBcStqfJIAcOOrw3dL9iSeCzBDPpm4k_px05VAmmnXmpsUwq2R0-TwFZsbBfTJQhuTDVXNiOJxPuo_1-qsXZcD3rMatLGsnwqoND7D0/s640/web+wavelenght.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>wavelenght of rays</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeGp9IZzXS7UjUa-B0Xphwr0ppevzn1HOk5isNGwguQai6wrLicVNqOo3If_FiXdGqnTdVV3LcIax2Hflw_E5scW11FenovwSNbg2YXQir7IRyiqGnYxyahTHbcZ7-a_c70SMCnO0m8Lg/s1600/hubble_image.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeGp9IZzXS7UjUa-B0Xphwr0ppevzn1HOk5isNGwguQai6wrLicVNqOo3If_FiXdGqnTdVV3LcIax2Hflw_E5scW11FenovwSNbg2YXQir7IRyiqGnYxyahTHbcZ7-a_c70SMCnO0m8Lg/s200/hubble_image.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #cccccc;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Webb's telescope mirror</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsdcfBEYsyMJa3wD5yFNmL8meQUu3sJq1PuE0IfszCp2wLJm8JhSVdhyphenhyphen6XadW0m6uRPVhYQl2uiWAnrLGJ4g_AdCU9hAsvhQHbNJQEuxHJ2TF3UzdLqV3_bj6hLFIq7Ri-GU99I9rw7rQ/s1600/faq_mirror.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsdcfBEYsyMJa3wD5yFNmL8meQUu3sJq1PuE0IfszCp2wLJm8JhSVdhyphenhyphen6XadW0m6uRPVhYQl2uiWAnrLGJ4g_AdCU9hAsvhQHbNJQEuxHJ2TF3UzdLqV3_bj6hLFIq7Ri-GU99I9rw7rQ/s200/faq_mirror.jpg" width="200" /></a>The Webb’s key element is it’s eye - the characteristic mirror made of 18 hexagonal segments with three different prescriptions. This mirror is made of segments so that it can fit up to rocket and unfold in outer space after launch. Diameter of this mirror is 6.6m and collecting area is 25m², which is 6.25 times more then Hubble’s 4m² mirror (2.4m diameter). This enlargement became possible thanks to light and strong mirror material – beryllium, which securely keeps it’s shape at cryogenic temperatures (-220 degrees C, as planed for this opservatory). Beryllium is also a good conductor of electricity and heat, and is not magnetic. That’s why it is often used to build parts for supersonic (faster-than-the-speed-of-sound) airplanes and the Space Shuttles.<br />
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Webb’s mirror also have longer focal length (131.4m compared to Hubble’s 57.6m) which allows larger magnification of distant objects.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg-9iP1pcI5h71FXDWK97a7Uyzt5vEFojB4pJjA0kJHfO8TVptzdkT2IJzeUZeOlEj_E3Hcveg7OZfYUSiAEveB2hzL2AsDqkkV1FvXKyzwLpvEX4P7wcdpfFjwpM_bJR5uMSHcxTD52U/s1600/jwst_back_view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg-9iP1pcI5h71FXDWK97a7Uyzt5vEFojB4pJjA0kJHfO8TVptzdkT2IJzeUZeOlEj_E3Hcveg7OZfYUSiAEveB2hzL2AsDqkkV1FvXKyzwLpvEX4P7wcdpfFjwpM_bJR5uMSHcxTD52U/s640/jwst_back_view.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Other new technologies and light materials made possible for Webb to be much lighter then Hubble (6,200kg compared to 11,110kg) beside larger dimensions and improved abilities. More detailed informations about Webb can be viewed on these links:<br />
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<b><a href="http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/faq_scientists.html%20">Webb FAQ</a> <a href="http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/technology.html%20%20">Webb technology</a> <a href="http://webbtelescope.org/webb_telescope/%20%20">Webb telescope site </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope%20">Webb wikipedia</a></b></div><br />
</div>Vladimirhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01879158802177823086noreply@blogger.com0